spline: add catmull-rom demo

common.ts

@@ -22,9 +22,12 @@ export function lerpPoint(a: Point, b: Point, p: number) {
 }
 
 export function lerpRgb(a: number, b: number, t: number) {
-  const red = lerp(a >> 16, b >> 16, t)
+  // extract rgb components from a and b
-  const green = lerp((a >> 8) & 0xff, (b >> 8) & 0xff, t)
+  const [ra, ga, ba] = [a >> 16, (a >> 8) & 0xff, a & 0xff];
-  const blue = lerp(a & 0xff, b & 0xff, t)
+  const [rb, gb, bb] = [b >> 16, (b >> 8) & 0xff, b & 0xff];
+  const red = lerp(ra, rb, t);
+  const green = lerp(ga, gb, t);
+  const blue = lerp(ba, bb, t);
   return (red << 16) | (green << 8) | blue
 }
 
@@ -59,6 +62,58 @@ export function cubicBezier(a: Point, b: Point, c: Point, d: Point, res=0.05) {
     return curve;
 }
 
+export function catmullRom(points: Point[],  { res = 0.05, looped = false }: { res?: number; looped?: boolean } = {}) {
+  let curve: Point[] = [];
+  // In non-looped mode, the curve goes from `points[1]` to `points[points.length - 2]`: the first
+  // and last points act as control points only.
+  // In looped mode, just treat the array as a circular array.
+  const tmax = looped ? points.length : points.length - 3;
+  for (let t = 0; t < tmax; t += res) {
+    const indices = looped ? getPointIndicesLooped(points, t) : getPointIndices(points, t);
+    const pos = getSplinePoint(...indices, t);
+    curve.push(pos);
+  }
+  return curve;
+
+  function getPointIndices(points: Point[], t: number): [number, number, number, number] {
+    // Select 4 consecutive control points in the points array according to t.
+    // t = 1 => first point, t = 2 => second point, etc.
+    const p1 = Math.floor(t) + 1;
+    const p2 = p1 + 1;
+    const p3 = p2 + 1;
+    const p0 = p1 - 1;
+    return [p0, p1, p2, p3];
+  }
+
+  function getPointIndicesLooped(points: Point[], t: number): [number, number, number, number] {
+    const p1 = Math.floor(t);
+    const p2 = (p1 + 1) % points.length;
+    const p3 = (p2 + 1) % points.length;
+    const p0 = (p1 - 1 + points.length) % points.length;
+    return [p0, p1, p2, p3];
+  }
+
+  function getSplinePoint(p0: number, p1: number, p2: number, p3: number, t: number): Point {
+    // Normalize t to [0, 1]
+    t = t - Math.floor(t);
+
+    const tt = t * t;
+    const ttt = tt * t;
+
+    // Catmull-Rom basis functions, derived from the matrix form
+    const q1 = -ttt + 2.0 * tt - t;
+    const q2 = 3.0 * ttt - 5.0 * tt + 2.0;
+    const q3 = -3.0 * ttt + 4.0 * tt + t;
+    const q4 = ttt - tt;
+
+    // Interpolate x and y coordinates
+    const tx = 0.5 * (points[p0].x * q1 + points[p1].x * q2 + points[p2].x * q3 + points[p3].x * q4);
+    const ty = 0.5 * (points[p0].y * q1 + points[p1].y * q2 + points[p2].y * q3 + points[p3].y * q4);
+
+    return { x: tx, y: ty };
+  }
+}
+
 export function resizeCanvas(ctx: CanvasRenderingContext2D) {
     ctx.clearRect(0, 0, ctx.canvas.width, ctx.canvas.height);
     ctx.canvas.width = ctx.canvas.clientWidth;

index.html

@@ -17,13 +17,14 @@
     <ul>
         <li><a href="bezier-1.html">Bezier demo #1</a></li>
         <li><a href="bezier-2.html">Bezier demo #2</a></li>
-        <li><a href="spline.html">Bezier spline demo</a></li>
+        <li><a href="spline.html">Splines demo</a></li>
         <li><a href="metaballs.html">Metaballs</a></li>
         <li><a href="image.html">Image demo</a></li>
         <li><a href="move.html">Move demo</a></li>
         <li><a href="life.html">Game of life</a></li>
         <li><a href="ray.html">Ray</a></li>
         <li><a href="snake.html">Snake</a></li>
+        <li><a href="snake2.html">Snake (trail)</a></li>
     </ul>
 </body>
 </html>

move.ts

@@ -91,8 +91,8 @@ function init() {
     if (!canvas) throw new Error("unable to get canvas HTML element");
     const ctx = canvas.getContext("2d") as CanvasRenderingContext2D | null;
     if (!ctx) throw new Error("unable to get canvas 2D context");
-  ctx.canvas.width = ctx.canvas.clientWidth;
+    ctx.canvas.width = ctx.canvas.clientWidth;
-  ctx.canvas.height = ctx.canvas.clientHeight;
+    ctx.canvas.height = ctx.canvas.clientHeight;
 
     canvas.onmousemove = (evt) => {
         const {clientX, clientY} = evt;

snake.ts

@@ -89,7 +89,7 @@ function update(ctx: CanvasRenderingContext2D, time: number) {
     // convert snake_head coords to screen space
     const head = snake[0].wrap(bounds)
     if (head.distance(apple) < SNAKE_RADIUS * 2) {
-      apple = Vec2d.random(bounds.x, bounds.y)
+      apple = randomApple(bounds);
       const { x: lastX, y: lastY } = snake[snake.length - 1];
       snake.push(new Vec2d(lastX, lastY));
       speed += 10;

spline.html

@@ -3,10 +3,14 @@
 <head>
     <meta charset="UTF-8">
     <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
-    <title>Document</title>
+    <title>Spline demo</title>
+    <style>
+      canvas { display: block; width: 100vw; height: 100vh; }
+    </style>
 </head>
-<body style="margin: 0; padding 0; overflow: hidden; background-color: #000000">
+<body style="margin: 0; padding: 0; overflow: hidden; background-color: #000000">
-    <canvas id="canvas" width="800" height="600"></canvas>
+    <div style="color: white; padding: 1rem;" id="status-line"></div>
+    <canvas id="canvas"></canvas>
 </body>
 <script type="module" src="spline.js"></script>
 </html>

spline.ts

@@ -1,34 +1,45 @@
 import {
     Point, resizeCanvas,
-    cubicBezier, quadraticBezier, drawCurve, drawPoints
+    cubicBezier, quadraticBezier, drawCurve, drawPoints,
+    catmullRom
 } from "./common.js"
 
+let mode: "catmull" | "bezier" = "bezier";
+let looped = false;
+
 
 function draw(ctx: CanvasRenderingContext2D, points: Point[]) {
-    let start = 0;
+  let start = 0;
+  if (mode === "bezier") {
     while (true) {
-        const sl = points.slice(start, start + 4);
+      const sl = points.slice(start, start + 4);
-        if (sl.length === 4) {
+      if (sl.length === 4) {
-            const bezier = cubicBezier(...(sl as [Point, Point, Point, Point]));
+        const bezier = cubicBezier(...(sl as [Point, Point, Point, Point]));
-            drawCurve(ctx, bezier);
+        drawCurve(ctx, bezier);
-            start += 3;
+        start += 3;
-        } else if (sl.length === 3) {
+      } else if (sl.length === 3) {
-            const bezier = quadraticBezier(...(sl as [Point, Point, Point]));
+        const bezier = quadraticBezier(...(sl as [Point, Point, Point]));
-            drawCurve(ctx, bezier);
+        drawCurve(ctx, bezier);
-            start += 2;
+        start += 2;
-        } else {
+      } else {
-            break;
+        break;
-        }
+      }
     }
-    drawPoints(ctx, points);
+  } else if (mode === "catmull") {
+    // Draw Catmull-Rom Spline.
+    const catmull = catmullRom(points, { looped: looped });
+    drawCurve(ctx, catmull);
+  }
+  drawPoints(ctx, points);
+  setStatusLine();
 }
 
 function init() {
     const canvas = document.getElementById("canvas") as HTMLCanvasElement | null;
     if (!canvas) throw new Error("unable to get canvas HTML element");
-
     const ctx = canvas.getContext("2d") as CanvasRenderingContext2D | null;
     if (!ctx) throw new Error("unable to get canvas 2D context");
+    resizeCanvas(ctx);
 
     let selection: number | undefined = undefined;
     let points = [
@@ -64,7 +75,7 @@ function init() {
             // redraw
             ctx.clearRect(0, 0, ctx.canvas.width, ctx.canvas.height);
             draw(ctx, points);
-
+            setStatusLine();
         }
     };
 
@@ -81,7 +92,6 @@ function init() {
             // redraw
             ctx.clearRect(0, 0, ctx.canvas.width, ctx.canvas.height);
             draw(ctx, points);
-
         }
     };
 
@@ -92,6 +102,7 @@ function init() {
             // redraw
             ctx.clearRect(0, 0, ctx.canvas.width, ctx.canvas.height);
             draw(ctx, points);
+            setStatusLine();
         }
     };
 
@@ -104,6 +115,7 @@ function init() {
             // redraw
             ctx.clearRect(0, 0, ctx.canvas.width, ctx.canvas.height);
             draw(ctx, points);
+            setStatusLine();
         }
     };
 
@@ -114,6 +126,40 @@ function init() {
     canvas.ontouchend = () => {
         selection = undefined;
     };
+
+    window.onresize = () => {
+      resizeCanvas(ctx);
+      draw(ctx, points);
+      setStatusLine();
+    };
+
+    window.onkeydown = (evt) => {
+      if (evt.key === " ") mode = mode === "bezier" ? "catmull" : "bezier";
+      if (evt.key === "l") looped = !looped;
+
+      // redraw
+      ctx.clearRect(0, 0, ctx.canvas.width, ctx.canvas.height);
+      draw(ctx, points);
+      setStatusLine();
+    };
+}
+
+function setStatusLine() {
+  const statusLine = document.getElementById("status-line");
+  if (!statusLine) throw new Error("Could not find status line");
+
+  let msg = "";
+  switch (mode) {
+    case "bezier": {
+      msg = "Bezier spline demo";
+      break;
+    }
+    case "catmull": {
+      msg = looped ? "Catmull-Rom spline demo (looped)" : "Catmull-Rom spline demo";
+      break;
+    }
+  }
+  statusLine.innerText = msg;
 }
 
 init();

vec.ts

@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ export default class Vec2d implements Point {
   }
 
   length(): number {
-    return Math.sqrt(this.x * this.x + this.y * this.y);
+    return Math.hypot(this.x, this.y);
   }
 
   distance(other: Vec2d): number {